Hemoglobin is an oxygen‑transport protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. in mice, hemoglobin is a complex of four subunits, 2 α‑globin chains and 2nd β‑globin chains, with each subunit containing a heme molecule. the mouse β‑globin gene is approximately 1,500 nucleotides long; however, the cytoplasmic β‑globin mrna is only about 750 nucleotides long. what's the best explanations for the difference in length.

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Hemoglobin is an oxygen‑transport protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. In mice, hemoglobin is a complex of four subunits, 2 α‑globin chains and 2nd β‑globin chains, with each subunit containing a heme molecule. The mouse β‑globin gene is approximately 1,500 nucleotides long; however, the cytoplasmic β‑globin mRNA is only about 750 nucleotides long. What's the best explanations for the difference in length.

a. The B globin gene is interrupted by one or more introns.  

b. The beginning of the Bglobin gene is not transcribed  

c. The globin mRNA underwent splicing in the cytoplasm.  

d. The B-globin mRNA is processed after being transcribed.  

e.The B-globin gene encodes both of the B-globin subunits.

a. The B globin gene is interrupted by one or more introns.  

d. The B-globin mRNA is processed after being transcribed.  

Explanation:

Vertebrates are eukaryotes and eukaryotic DNA has introns and exons. The introns are the non-protein coding sequences that are present between the protein-coding exons. However, transcription of eukaryotic genes forms the primary transcripts which in turn undergo post-transcriptional modification to become mature mRNA. It includes the splicing of the introns and ligation of exons.

The mature mRNA serves as a template for protein synthesis. Therefore, the mature mRNA of eukaryotes are shorter than their respective genes. The mouse β globin gene must have one or more introns. However, the removal of introns from the primary transcript after transcription would produce a relatively shorter mRNA. The process of splicing of introns occurs in the nucleus itself.

from my research i have to the conclusion that decomposers, such as fungi, bacteria and invertebrates, play a critical role in nutrient cycling and without them the earth's ecosystem may not support life as we know it. elements such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus exist in limited amounts on earth, although huge amounts of carbon are being released into the atmosphere from underground sources now by humans. it is still extremely important that other nutrients be retained by the process of re-use. decomposers are organisms that are able to chemically break down dead material and make these elements available for use by other organisms. without this breakdown of dead material, dead bodies would pile up. so decomposers also play a role in clean up also. without them, life might not continue as we know it and dead material would overwhelm the earth.    

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