12. which is required for cells to pump ions against the concentration gradient?
a. atp
b. osmosis
c. phospholipids
d. water

The correct option is A) ATP

Explanation:

Some ions or molecules tend to move in the cell along a concentration gradient. Such types of movement is known as passive transport. In passive transport, molecules move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. Such kind of movement doesn't require energy.

Other kinds of molecules or ions move against the concentration gradient i.e from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. Energy is required for these process to occur.The energy used is in the form of ATP.

use smarts app it gives all theanswers

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.