Afterload is described as: a) the length or degree of stretch of the sarcomeres in the ventricular cells before they contract. b) the amount of blood that has drained into the ventricle by the end of the filling phase. c) the ability to generate tension. d) the force the ventricles must overcome to eject blood into their respective arteries.

Option D

After load is the force the ventricles must overcome to eject blood into their respective arteries.

Explanation:

Afterload is the pressure or force the heart must overcome to release blood to the arteries during systole. It is proportional to the average arterial pressure. After load is also proportional to the mean systolic blood pressure measured in millimeters of mercury. It I'd a determinat of cardiac output and cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate.

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stellar distances are usually expressed in light-years

the measure of a star's brightness is called magnitude

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frogs. the lower the ph the higher the acid content. frogs have the highest tolerance in this scenario.