Explain how aerobic respiration and anaerobic are connected and what materials are cycled back and forth between them

In anaerobic respiration, each molecule of glucose yields only two ATP molecules. Compare this with the 38 molecules obtained in aerobic respiration.

Most of the energy is still locked up in the Lactic acid or ethanol molecules. In animal cells, the energy in Lactic acid can be released if oxygen is supplied to the cell. During vigorous activity, muscle cells do not get sufficient supply of oxygen to meet their requirement.

As a result, anaerobic respiration occurs to temporarily supply energy, and lactic acid is produced.

Lactic acid accumulates in the cells up to a certain level. Beyond this level, the muscle cells cannot work and this is know as muscle fatigue. The muscle cells are said to have incurred an 'oxygen debt' since they have used up more energy than was possible from the oxygen supplied to them.

During the resting stage, the muscle cells respire aerobically and 'pay back' the oxygen debt by converting the Lactic acid to pyruvic acid.

This is the connection.

fertilization, pictured in figure 24.23a is the process in which gametes (an egg and sperm) fuse to form a zygote. the egg and sperm each contain one set of chromosomes. to ensure that the offspring has only one complete diploid set of chromosomes, only one sperm must fuse with one egg. in mammals, the egg is protected by a layer of extracellular matrix consisting mainly of glycoproteins called the zona pellucida. when a sperm binds to the zona pellucida, a series of biochemical events, called the acrosomal reactions, take place. in placental mammals, the acrosome contains digestive enzymes that initiate the degradation of the glycoprotein matrix protecting the egg and allowing the sperm plasma membrane to fuse with the egg plasma membrane, as illustrated in figure 24.23b. the fusion of these two membranes creates an opening through which the sperm nucleus is transferred into the ovum. the nuclear membranes of the egg and sperm break down and the two haploid genomes condense to form a diploid genome.

explanation:

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