Anursing student is caring for a patient who has been taking morphine sulfate for pain for 2 weeks. the nursing student shows an understanding of pharmacodynamic tolerance by describing it to the instructor in what way?
a "it is a form of tolerance that is a reduction in drug responsiveness brought on by repeated dosing over a short period."
b "it affects the minimum effective concentration."
c "it is a drug response caused by psychologic factors, not by biochemical or physiological properties."
d "it is a condition in which the patient requires increased doses of morphine sulfate to achieve pain relief."

The correct answer is option D.

Explanation:

Pharmacodynamic tolerance is the condition or the phenomenon in which an individual developed decreased responsiveness to a particular drug or medication due to overuse or repeated use of the drug.

In this case, nursing students can instruct for the Tachyphylaxis which is a form of that is developed by the repeated dose of the drug for a short time of period. The placebo effect is a drug response that occurs due to the result of the drug but caused by psychological factors.

Thus, the correct answer is option D.

some fungi obtain their nutrients from a living host (plant or animal) and are called most biotrophic fungi have fairly narrow host ranges—they are specialized on a limited called rhizomorphs that allow the fungus to grow from one tree to another. ascospores are formed inside a sac-like structure called an ascus. so your answer is a