What does the process of gene duplication and divergence refer to? (select all that apply) a. creating new genes by mutation in duplicates of old genes. b. the creation of gene families, which are genes that are similar across a range of organisms. c. offspring becoming increasingly different from their ancestors. d. the creation of new species as new genes are created from duplicates of old genes e. none of these answers are correct

B. the creation of gene families, which are genes that are similar across a range of organisms. C. offspring becoming increasingly different from their ancestors.

Explanation:

hydroxyl -oh

alcohols, always polar, can form hydrogen bonds with h2o molecules

carboxyl -cooh  

cargoxylic acids, has acidic properties which is a source of hydrogen ions, found in cells in ionized for with a charge of oh-1

carbonyl > co

ketone if within skeleton, aldehyde if group is at the end of skeleton, k & a may be structural isomers, it determines 2 sugars (ketose & aldose)

amino -nh2

amines, acts as a base, it can pick up h+ ions from surrounding solution, ionized with charge of 1+

methyl ch2

addition to rna/dna affects and gene expression

phosphate -opo3 ²⁻

organic phosphates, contributes to negative charge to, molecule that it is a part of, and potential to react with h20

sulfhydryl -sh

thiols, cross-linking stabilize the protein, and it is structure

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