The idea about the universe that keeps expanding outward, then collapsing inward and recycling over and over

Recycling Causes Increased Environmental Problems
The process of recycling an old product into something reusable uses energy and creates pollution. Critics claim that recycling is simply a zero-sum game, where the pollutants and waste from making new goods shift into the recycling industry.

C14 dating since carbon is present in both living and no living objects .