Which is a mechanism for restricting the movement of proteins in the plasma membrane? choose one or more:
a. tethering proteins to the cell cortex
b. using barriers such as tight junctions
c. tethering proteins to the extracellular matrix
d. forming a covalent linkage with membrane lipids
e. tethering proteins to the surface of another cell
f. coating proteins with carbohydrates

The correct answers are option A. "tethering proteins to the cell cortex", B. "using barriers such as tight junctions", C. "tethering proteins to the extracellular matrix", D. "forming a covalent linkage with membrane lipids", E. "tethering proteins to the surface of another cell"

Explanation:

According to the fluid-mosaic model, the components of cell membranes are in constant movement forming a barrier to avoid unwanted exterior component internalization and to avoid the loss of precious internal components. This constant movement could cause that proteins move across the plasma membrane. But, this is avoided by several mechanisms including:

A. Tethering proteins to the cell cortex. The cell cortex is a rigid structure made of actin and actomyosin. Proteins found in the plasma membrane are tethered to this structure to restrict their movement.

B. Using barriers such as tight junctions. Tight junctions are barriers found in epithelia made of claudin and occludin proteins. These barriers are impenetrable, which avoid the movement of proteins in the cell membrane.

C. Tethering proteins to the extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is made of several proteins and macromolecules that provide a structural and biochemical support to cells that are nearby. Proteins could be tethered to this rigid structure as well.

D. Forming a covalent linkage with membrane lipids. The proteins in the cell membrane that form a covalent linkage with membrane lipids are known as lipid-anchored proteins, or lipid-linked proteins.

E. Tethering proteins to the surface of another cell. When cell-cell communication take place it is possible that proteins in the cell membrane got tethered to the surface of the other cell.

a tetrad is the foursome during meiosis made by two homologous chromosomes that have each already replicated into a pair of sister chromatids.

answer: decrease

a limiting factor is the one which decrease the abundance, distribution and causes extinction of the population of species in a ecosystem. here, predators including hawks, owls and snakes are the limiting factor for the population of mexican free tailed bat.   although bats are nocturnal animals as they forge for food at night these predators also may remain active during night which can decrease the population of the mexican free-tailed bats. also, these bats eat only one type of insects that are moths. the food can also be a limiting factor as all 400 members are dependent upon same type of food needs that are moths. the decrease in the moth population can cause decrease in population size of the mexican free-tailed bats.

therefore, the scenarios will most likely to decrease the population size of the mexican free-tailed bats.