Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than females because
a) male hormones such as testosterone often alter the effects of mutations on the x chromosome
b) female hormones such as estrogen often compensate for the effects of mutations on the x chromosome
c) x chromosomes in males generally have more mutations than x chromosomes in females
d) males are hemizygous for the x chromosome

D) males are hemizygous for the X chromosome

Explanation:

Both males and females have two sex chromosomes, but females have two X chromosomes and males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. When only one copy of a gene is present in the cell of a diploid individual, that gene is in hemizygous condition.

the transfer of energy between two molecules spaced just nanometers apart plays a key role in many technologies, including photovoltaics, quantum information systems, lighting, and sensors, as well as in biophysics to measure nanometer distances and in photosynthesis. but an open question in this area is what effect, if any, the surrounding photonic environment has on this nanoscale energy transfer. by designing and performing a carefully controlled experiment to answer this question, scientists have settled the debate and found clues to improving the efficiency of many of the technologies that rely on this process.

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