In 1918, an epidemic of sleeping sickness caused an unusual rigid paralysis in some survivors, similar to symptoms of advanced parkinson’s disease. years later, l-dopa, a chemical used to treat parkinson’s disease was given to some of these patients. l-dopa was remarkably effective at eliminating the paralysis, at least temporarily. however, its enantiomer, d-dopa, was subsequently shown to have no effect at all, as is the case for parkinson’s disease. in a short essay discuss how tne effectiveness of one enantimer and the other illustrates the theme structure and function, discuss how the effectiveness of one enantiomer and not the other illustrates the theme of structure and function.

meteorologists would compare a new weather map with one 24 h old to see how fast a front is moving.

interphase

the period of cell growth when the cell synthesizes new molecules and organelles. the cell is not dividing and it constitutes the majority of the time spent in the cell cycle

prophase

changes occur in the nucleus and cytoplasm. the chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids) visible with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleus is still in tact

prometaphase

the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids

metaphase

all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle

anaphase

begins when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell

telophase

the daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell

cytokinesis

the division of a cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. usually occurs during telophase during mitosis. this and mitosis make up to mitotic (m) phase of the cell cycle