These subcellular structures are responsible for catabolism of ethanol.

Mitochondria

Explanation:

The first step of the alcohol metabolism takes place in the cytosol of the cell where the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase starts to act.

The alcohol here is converted into the acetaldehyde. The acetylaldehyde is metabolized mainly by the alcohol dehydrogenase 2 in the mitochondria to form acetate.

It releases NADH and ROS species which is neutalized by the antioxidants in the human body.

we solve the problem using the hardy-wineberg equation.

let us start with the homozygous recessive proportion of individuals with sickle cell anaemia,

we have the proportion as q² = 0.25.

∴ q = 0.5 (frequency of hbs in population)

further,

solving for the frequency of normal cell by using the fact that,

p + q = 1

∴ p = 1 - 0.5 = 1 - 0.5 = 0.5

now we can calculate 2pq in p² + 2pq + q², which is the frequency for heterozygous carriers of sickle cell anaemia,

∴ 2pq = 2 x 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.5

and the homozygous normal cell individuals proportion is given by the expression,

∴ p² = 0.5² = 0.25

hence, the carriers for sickle cell anaemia are in proportion, 0.5, or 50%.