Water and dissolved minerals located in the cell walls and intercellular spaces of the root cortex are in the (symplastic / apoplastic) route of transport, and those in the cytoplasm of cortex cells are in the (symplastic / apoplastic) route. the (symplastic / apoplastic) route requires plasmodesmata. the (symplastic / apoplastic) route is obstructed by the casparian strip, thereby forcing water and minerals to cross the plasma membranes of endodermal cells before gaining entrance into the vascular cylinder.

1. Apoplastic

2. Symplastic

3. Symplastic

4. Apoplastic

Explanation:

The interconnected porous cell walls of plant cells make apoplast along which water is allowed to move freely. Symplast refers to the path made up of interconnected cytoplasm of many plant cells connected by plasmodesmata. Therefore, water and dissolved minerals enter the root cortex from the epidermis in the solution can move through symplast and apoplast till endodermis.

Water and dissolved minerals present in the cytoplasm of cortical cells move from one cell to next via plasmodesmata (the symplast) while the ones present in their cell walls and intercellular space move through apoplast. The presence of casparian strips in the endodermal cell wall does not allow the movement of water and minerals through the apoplast.

1. the geologists have established a set of principals that can can be used o determine the relative ages of rock. this principal is applied to sedimentary and volcanic rocks. the rocks exposed to wall of grand canyon has layers and by studying the number of horizontal layers in the rock(strata) the relative age can be determined. the layer first formed will appear at the bottom and the the layer of strata last formed appear at the top. by using this information the approximate age of rocks can be determined.

2. carbon dating is used to find the relative age of rock in numbers which means for the rocks that has age between 1-70,000 years.

3. for the rocks of age range between 1,000 - billion of years potassium-argon dating is used.