•there are approximately 3,000,000,000 base pairs in the mammalian genome (genes constitute only a small portion of this total)• there are approximately 10,000 genes in the mammalian genome• a single gene averages about 10,000 base pairs in size. questions1. based on the assumptions above, in the mammalian genome, how many total base pairs are in all the mammalian genes? show your math! 2. what proportion (%) of the total genome does this represent? show your math! 3. what is the probability that a random mutation will occur in any given gene? show your math! 4. only 1 out of 3 mutations that occur in a gene result in a change to the protein structure. what is the probability that a random mutation will change the structure of a protein? show your math!

On a recent expedition to a remote region of northern canada, scientists uncovered skeletal remains from about 100,000 years ago. surprisingly, all the skeletal remains, which included many species from differing biological families and spanned about two thousand years, showed evidence of experiencing temperatures in excess of 1000 degrees fahrenheit (or 538 degrees celsius). which of the following, if true, best explains the apparent paradox between the cold environment and the evidence of the bones experiencing hot temperatures? (a) chemical changes that naturally occur during the process of decay in only one north canadian species produce the same evidence of the species' skeletons being exposed to hot temperatures as the expedition scientists found. (b) a little over 103,000 years ago, a large fire is known to have occurred in northern canada. (c) strong evidence exists that as early as 70,000 years ago, homo sapiens around the world relied heavily on fire to cook animals. (d) in the same expedition and in roughly the same layer of excavation, scientists found rudimentary wood cutting and hunting tools used by early humans.

Which type of respiration takes place when there is no oxygen present? a. anaerobic b. mitochondrial c. cellular d. aerobica. anaerobic

Several bodily responses are described below. for each response, determine what caused the change in homeostasis. body starts to sweat breathing rate increases amount of saliva produced changes body starts to shiver