Mutation is a random and non-adaptive process. this was first proven by:
a. lysenko and lamarck, using the removal of mouse tails as an environmental stress.
b. joshua and esther lederberg, using the removal of mouse tails as an environmental stress.
c. lysenko and lamarck, using replica plated e. coli and streptomycin as an environmental stress.
d. joshua and esther lederberg, using replica-plated e. coli and streptomycin as an environmental stress
e. mutation is not a random, non-adaptive process

__1__ is a climate cycle where the temperature of the __2__ ocean changes because of movements of air and ocean currents. during this period, the trade winds in the south __3__ , causing the __4__ water to move from the __5__ region to the __6__ region. 1) el nino or the monsoon 2) atlantic, indian, or pacific 3) reverse, strengthen, or weaken 4) cold or warm 5) eastern or western 6) eastern or western

What initially causes a nerve impulse? release of enzymes out of the neuron movement of chemicals into the dendrites of the neuron pathogens attacking the dendrites of the neuron red blood cells bathing the neuron

To answer this question, researchers studied populations of the dusky salamander (desmognathus ochrophaeus) living on different mountain ranges in the southern appalachian mountains. the researchers tested the reproductive isolation of pairs of salamander populations by leaving one male and one female together and later checking the females for the presence of sperm. four mating combinations were tested for each pair of populations (a and b)—two within the same population (female a with male a and female b with male b) and two between populations (female a with male b and female b with male a). the proportion of successful matings for each mating combination was measured. for example, when all the matings of a particular combination were successful, the researchers gave it a value of 1; when none of the matings were successful, they gave it a value of 0. then the researchers calculated an index of reproductive isolation that ranged from 0 (no isolation) to 2 (full isolation). the reproductive isolation value for two populations is the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type within populations (aa + bb) minus the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type between populations (ab + ba). the table provides data for the geographic distances and reproductive isolation values for 27 pairs of dusky salamander populations.