The fungus-alga symbiosis that makes up a lichen is thought to have evolved multiple times independently in different fungal groups. however, lichens fall into three well-defined growth forms (see figure 31.22). how could you test the following hypotheses: hypothesis 1: crustose, foliose, and fruticose lichens each represent a monophyletic group; and hypothesis 2: each lichen growth form represents convergent evolution by taxonomically diverse fungi.

Researchers determine that the biodiversity in a woodland region is declining. they identify two major threats to the region's biodiversity, a method to address each threat, and the expected outcome of each method. this information is shown in the table. threat method number of species that benefit number of years to see benefit habitat fragmentation reforestation 450 8 introduced prey species biological augmentation 150 2 which statement is an accurate explanation of the information in the table? a. biological augmentation would benefit only a few species because it is typically not very effective. b. biological augmentation would take less time to be effective because it targets the majority of prey species. c. reforestation would take the longest time to be effective because trees take several years to grow. d. reforestation would not benefit many species because most forest species live on the ground.

What characteristic makes a cell membrane selectively permeable

Match each phylum or class to its correct characteristic