Mammals, like humans and apes, have five digits on their fore and hind limbs. modern horses have one. how might you reconstruct the ancestral state of mammal toe number? investigate the number of toes on all extant horses and apes
(a) either b or c investigate the number of toes for other mammals and use parsimony to deduce the ancestral state
(b) investigate the number of toes for an outgroup that is closely related to mammals, for example reptiles or amphibians
(c) all of the above

he movement of air through earth's or any planet's atmosphere is called wind, and the main cause of earth's winds is uneven heating by the sun. this uneven heating causes changes of atmospheric pressure, and winds blow from regions with high pressure to those with low pressure.

i hope this : )

unicellular organisms, like bacteria, are able to perform all life functions within one single cell. multicellular organisms need many different types of cells to carry out the same life processes. each of these special types of cells has a different structure that it perform a specific function.

the potatoes have high sugar concentrations and although these potatoes were different we could seethe effects that their sugar concentrations had in different environments. for example, the potatoes in sample a, were placed in pure water. this created a hypertonic environment and caused the potatoes to draw in water from its surroundings. we saw the opposite happen with the potatoes in sample b when placed in the sodium chloride solution. the potatoes in this case were in a hypotonic solution and therefore lost water to their surroundings.