The following outlines two scenarios dealing with patients having a question about their kidneys. based on the type of urine being produced, explain what caused each situation:
case 1:
bill is on the football team. after a long pre season summer practice he uses the bathroom and finds there is little urine in the bladder and it is dark yellow. why is this different form normal? what should bill to do correct this?
case 2:
a few days later bill is at practice and he takes a nasty hit on the lower right side of his back. that evening he notices something else unusual. now his urine has a light pink color to it. what is the problem now?

To answer this question, researchers studied populations of the dusky salamander (desmognathus ochrophaeus) living on different mountain ranges in the southern appalachian mountains. the researchers tested the reproductive isolation of pairs of salamander populations by leaving one male and one female together and later checking the females for the presence of sperm. four mating combinations were tested for each pair of populations (a and b)—two within the same population (female a with male a and female b with male b) and two between populations (female a with male b and female b with male a). the proportion of successful matings for each mating combination was measured. for example, when all the matings of a particular combination were successful, the researchers gave it a value of 1; when none of the matings were successful, they gave it a value of 0. then the researchers calculated an index of reproductive isolation that ranged from 0 (no isolation) to 2 (full isolation). the reproductive isolation value for two populations is the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type within populations (aa + bb) minus the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type between populations (ab + ba). the table provides data for the geographic distances and reproductive isolation values for 27 pairs of dusky salamander populations.