The body of a slime mold that flows over a rotten log appears to lack any partitioning into distinct cells; however it does become cellular when it changes form to produce spores. the surfaces of parasitic flatworms and some insect tissues are "syncytial" layers of living material that has many nuclei but lack partitioning by cell membranes. these tissues actively consume food and produce wastes. considering that the cell theory states "all living things are composed of cells," thena. these tissues are not living because they violate the cell theory. b. this proves some vital force is involved beyond normal cell structures in order to give life to living organisms. c. these tissues are obviously a bridge between nonliving and primitive living cells. d. the general concept of life-is-cellular still holds since sometime in their life these organisms still utilize cells, but this shows cell membranes can be abandoned. e. all of the above are true.