An organism's reproductive strategy includes all of the following except a. the length of time parental care is given b. the amount of energy expended in producing offspring c. the number of offspring produced d. the way that a species hides from pray

D

Explanation:

Reproductive strategy refers to the way organisms of a species mate and raise their offspring in a natural strategy to increase their reproductive success. Natural selection will always choose the method that improves biological fitness. There are two main types of reproductive strategies; R-strategists and K-strategists. The former involves reproducing a lot of offspring but with little parental care. The latter involves reproducing few offsprings but with greater parental care.

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kelp are large brown algae that live in cool, relatively shallow waters close to the shore. they grow in dense groupings much like a forest on land. these underwater towers of kelp provide food and shelter for thousands of fish, invertebrates, and marine mammal species.

e) all of the above