Primary succession takes much longer than secondary succession because it involves

Primary succession takes much longer than secondary succession because it involves time for weathering of rock and development of the soil horizons.

looks like the answer is     c     to me!

the elements of art are the visual tools that the artist uses to create a composition. these are line, shape, color, value, form, texture, and space.

the principles of art and design are balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, and unity/variety.