Which of the following is used to quantify the rate of universal expansion or contraction? a) cepheid b) hubble’s constant c) cosmic microwave background radiation d) gravitational microlensing

B.Hubble's constant

Explanation:

Astronomers have come up with the most precise measurement to measure the expansionof the universe.

We know the space is expanding and the push behind the swelling of the space is measured by a constant called the "hubble's constant" and it is measured in kilometers per second per megaparsec.

It is a way to measure distance between two stars but scientists think it is not accurate enough and are still looking for more specific and precise measurements

your answer is rna to the question.

genetic variation can be caused by mutation (which can create entirely new alleles in a population), random mating, random fertilization, and recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis (which reshuffles alleles within an organism's offspring).