Many poisonous butterflies in the genus heliconius closely match the wing patterning and color of other poisonous species in their genus. this is a benefit because many predators (such as birds) learn to avoid poisonous species by identifying their wing patterns/colors. this is an example of: (a) batesian mimicry (b) mullerian mimicry (c) convergent evolution (d) a and c (e) b and c

(e) b and c

Explanation:

Mullerian mimicry is the situation whereby two or more harmful organisms share a trait as a means of protection.

Convergent evolution is the process whereby organisms that are not closely related develop traits to suit their shared environment or ecological niches.

The tendency of the butterflies in genus heliconius to match their patterning and color to other poisonous birds displays both mullerian mimicry and convergent evolution in action.

the fossil record provides evidence of a common ancestor to many species.