Lipids in a bilayer can diffuse laterally at a relatively fast rate, but \"flip-flop\" from one leaflet to the other very slowly without catalysis. three protein families –flippases (or flipases), floppases, and scramblases – catalyze the movement of lipids across the bilayer. sort each of the phrases as describing flippases, floppases, or scramblases. choose the best, most-specific enzyme name. a. not atp-dependentb. activation may result in increased membrane lipid symmetryc. abc transporterd. translocate lipids from outer (extracellular) leaflet to inner (cytosolic) leaflete. translocate phosphatidylserine, preventing apoptosis and engulfment by macrophagesf. move phospolipids from inner (cytoplasmic) leaflet to outer (extracellular) leafletg. move phospohlipids across the lipid bilayer down the concentration gradient

1) Flippases  

d. Translocate lipids from outer (extracellular) leaflet to inner (cytosolic) leaflet

They are ATP dependent enzymes and they translocate phospholipids against a concentration gradient.  

2) Floppases

f. Move phospolipids from inner (cytoplasmic) leaflet to outer (extracellular) leaflet

c. ABC transporter

They move substrates such as phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol against their concentration gradient.

3) Scramblases

a. Not ATP-dependent

b. Activation may result in increased membrane lipid symmetry

e. Translocate phosphatidylserine, preventing apoptosis and engulfment by macrophages

g. Move phospohlipids across the lipid bilayer down the concentration gradient

Their enzymatic activity is bidirectional and depends on the calcium concentration.

the right side of the picture going down is:

polymerase

protein

transport vesicle

modified protein

the left side of the picture going down is:

dna helix

single-stranded rna

endoplasmic reticulum

ribosome

golgi apparatus

protein released from vesicle

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