Activation of the fatty acid (converting it to fatty acyl-scoa) requires the expenditure of 2 atps. use your answers from parts b and c to calculate the total number of atps generated from the metabolism of a saturated fatty acid with 16 carbon atoms including both the citric acid cycle and the β-oxidation pathway as well as the initial atp required to produce the acyl-scoa molecule that starts the process.

The right answer is 129 ATPs.

The palmitate will pass 7 times by the β-oxidation associated with the respiratory chain. 7 successive acyl-CoA will be oxidized with 7 moles of oxygen producing 8 acetyl-CoA and will phosphorylate 35 moles of ATP.

The 8 acetyl-CoA will be oxidized by the KREBS cycle and the mitochondrial respiratory chain, with 16 moles of oxygen producing 16 bicarbonates while 96 moles of ADP will be converted to ATP.

So, we have 96 + 35 = 131 ATP.

If we subtract the 2 ATP due to the activation of the fatty acids, we will have 129 ATPs (131 -2) produced by a fatty acid with 16 carbons.

as the gila monster consumes the eggs or young of the desert cottontail and gambel's quail, thus its main food supply is only accessible for a restricted time duration every year. however, for this, the gila monsters exhibit three adaptations, which elevate their survival rate in the desert condition.  

first, is that they possess huge bodies, and can consume greater concentrations of food during a small period. secondly, they require to feed infrequently as they can accumulate fat in their tails. ultimately, their rate of metabolism is very low, so that they can burn their reservoirs of fat gradually.  

the oldest known insects are believed to live around 400 millions ago as suggested by the fossil records.   some plants having woody stems also evolved during this time.

after the evolution of insects the first four legged species or the tetrapods evolved in shallow freshwater habitats from the intermediate species approximately 397 million years ago. the tetrapods went on conquering the land giving rise to amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds.

the major split in tetrapods first occurred 340 million years ago branching off from amphibians.

363 million years ago when the carboniferous period began the insects started roaming on land and taking flights, following which the four limbed tetrapods adapted in the terrestrial habitat.