Why would the y chromosome be unlikly to contain any of the genes that are absolutely necessary for survival

The x chromosomes are female chromosomes. We all start off as a female in the womb. Slowly through time, thr y chromosome jump in to make them a male and develop genes that woman do not have. For example, their beard gene is not necessary for example.

enzyme active site and substrate specificity

enzymes bind with chemical reactants called substrates. there may be one or more substrates for each type of enzyme, depending on the particular chemical reaction. in some reactions, a single-reactant substrate is broken down into multiple products

they kick it to the curb.

explanation:

that current was nasty.