Peppered moths vary in color from light gray to almost black. the color of any moth depends on how many black spots are found on its wings. the name "peppered" refers to these black spots. during the day, the moths rest on trees. in england where the moths live, many light gray trees were covered with soot that came from the smoke stacks of factories. the trees got darker and darker from the soot. over time, the moth coloration became darker.

What happened was that the moths adapted to their environment. The ones that were best suited to their environment where the ones who lived. Since the trees got darker the peppered moths could hide better than the non-peppered moths.

1) gene flow

- it is described as the transfer of genes from one population to another population so that frequency of gene is increased.

-a zebra migrates to join a different herd of zebras.

2) natural selection

- a mechanism of evolutionary change in which individuals with advantageous traits survive and reproduce whereas the others ( those that can not adapt) eliminate from the population.

-competition for sunlight leads to taller trees.

3) mutation

- permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of dna ( genetic material) that could have harmful or useful consequences.

-the dna of a snake changes to make its venom stronger.

4) genetic drift - it is a random phenomenon ( that occurs by chance such as fire) that results in change in the gene frequency in a small population.    

-a grassfire randomly sweeps through a population of buffalo and kills most of the animals.

explanation:

the generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include: all known living things are made up of one or more cells. all living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division. the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.