By what mechanism do caffeine and alcohol have a diuretic effect on the body

I’m doing some practice exam questions for biology, and i’m not sure how to do these 3 parts to the question.

What molecules does hemoglobin decay into over time

The image shows the evolution of a species of fish. a few fish from a population developed different social behaviors and evolved into different species. two fish according to the image, the fish underwent . the new species of fish had mating seasons that were different from that of the original fish. because of the differences in mating seasons, the fish underwent reproductive isolation. this mode of isolation would be .