Astronauts experience similar feelings of dizziness and disorientation upon arrival in space and upon their arrival back on earth. what does this indicate to researchers?

D. kinesthetic

I'm not sure if your question had multiple choices, but I found that it has something to do with kinesthesia.

Hope it helps

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.