Ivan had his arm removed at the elbow and is now experiencing phantom pains. his brain is registering painful sensations that feel like his hand is cramping and that he is clenching his fist, despite it not being there. which part of the spine is receiving erroneous pain signals from his upper arm?

Which of the following observations darwin shape his concept of descent with modification? a) species diversity declines farther from the equator.b) fewer species live on islands than on the nearest continents.c) birds can be found on islands located farther from the mainland than the birdsê¹ maximum nonstop flightdistance.d) south american temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of south america than to thetemperate plants of europe.e) earthquakes reshape life by causing mass extinctions.