Is a common test in the detection of testicular cancer.

Blood tests.

Explanation:

It is common to use blood tests to diagnose testicular tumors. Most testicular cancers produce substances that reach the blood and can be detected by blood tests. Such examination should always be performed at the beginning of patient care, and are very important in the diagnosis, quantification of the degree of disease impairment and serve as a parameter for follow-up after treatment. The major substances released into the blood indicating testicular cancer are alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (GCH).

step 1: initiation

initiation is the beginning of transcription. it occurs when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

step 2: elongation

elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

step 3: termination

termination is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.