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ONE OF US ONE OF US ONE OF US

What made this representation of the virgin mary revolutionary

Natural minor half steps between scale degrees 3 and 4; 7 and 8 harmonic minor half steps between scale degrees 2 and 3; 5 and 6 ascending melodic minor half steps between scale degrees 2 and 3; 5 and 6; 7 and 8 major half steps between scale degrees 2 and 3; 7 and 8

What is one of the most effective ways that artists create space in two dimensional art?