What long substantial music form that would last a whole evening came about in the 1600s

Classical Music

Explanation:

The Classical period was an era of classical music between roughly 1730 and 1820.

The Classical period falls between the Baroque and the Romantic periods. Classical music has a lighter, clearer texture than Baroque music and is less complex. It is mainly homophonic, using a clear melody line over a subordinate chordal accompaniment,[2] but counterpoint was by no means forgotten, especially later in the period. It also makes use of style galant which emphasized light elegance in place of the Baroque's dignified seriousness and impressive grandeur. Variety and contrast within a piece became more pronounced than before and the orchestra increased in size, range, and power.

There was the Baroque Era that lasted through the 1600's and lasted till the mid 1700's, but I'm not quite sure if that's what the question is talking about.