What could AARON, the first digital pain program do? A. Copy any image it scanned B. Create pictures on the floor C. Cover an entire wall in paint D. Develop animated characters

D= develop animated charectors

including the octave, the answer would 8 notes in a major scale with one note being played twice. ex) c major scale includes: c, d, e, f, g, a, b, c

notice that c is played twice

however, if you were to ask me how many different notes are in a major scale- the answer would be 7.  

i'm not sure i completely understand your question, but i will do my best.

i think the answer you are looking for is sequence. (see below)

a repeated melodic fragment would be best defined as repetition, while repeated chords (different or the same) could be a chord progression. however, you then mentioned the chord and melodic fragment beginning on higher or lower pitches, in that case, the answer could be best defined as a sequence. the definition of a sequence is as follows: "the restatement of a motif or longer melodic (or harmonic) passage at a higher or lower pitch in the same voice."

let me know if this !