1. The pinhole camera is one of the simplest camera that does not have a lens and only has a small hole that acts as its only aperture (a literal pinhole). This small hole projects a small image to a surface that is sensitive to light. This photosensitive material is then developed to show the picture. The camera is also referred to as a camera obscura.
1.5 We know that the pinhole camera existed before the nineteenth century because it was documented in books dated before that. The pinhole camera was also commonly used by artists as aid. They used the picture produced by the camera as their guide while sketching sceneries. Even Leonardo Da Vinci was said to be using this camera.
2. The creation of the first photograph is mostly attributed to Joseph Nicephore Niepce, a French inventor during the early 19th century. Even though credits for the first photograph is also sometimes given to people who lived as early as 350 BC, Niepce made the first permanent photograph that still survived until today.
2.5 Joseph Nicephore Niepce created the first photograph by using the camera obscura (the pinhole camera). He experimented on various photosensitive materials, however the photos fade after a certain time. He accomplished creating the permanent photograph after coating the material with a bitumen of Judea (an asphalt). He termed this process heliography.
3. A calotype is one of the earliest processes in photography which made use of negatives and papers coated in silver iodide to develop pictures. The term is derived from the Greek word "kalos" which means beautiful and "tupos" which means impression. This process is also called talbotype and was first used by William Henry Fox Talbot in 1841.
3.5 The process entailed the use of papers coated with silver iodide and its continued exposure to light. The coated paper needed to be exposed in the camera for an hour (or longer) until the picture was completely visible. This then produced a negative that contains the picture, albeit in inverted black and white colors.
4. The Kodak Brownie was the first inexpensive camera that introduced the masses to photography. Introduced by George Eastman and the Eastman Kodak Company in February 1900, this box camera contained films which are good for 100 pictures. To develop the pictures, the camera were sent back to the company.
5. Richard Maddox was a physician and photographer who is credited with inventing the gelatin negative plates in 1871. This material is an improved photosensitive chemical coat that is made by combining silver salt bromine and clear gelatin. Maddox called this an emulsion. This material was coated in glass and this was used to make films.
5.5 The coating invented by Richard Maddox was important because it is still used today in photo papers and films. The material he invented was also lightweight thus making the cameras possible to be hand-held. The material was also commercialized, and further improvements made to it gave rise to snapshot photography (fast exposure times), and ultimately, cinematography.
6. The modern cameras today came from a concept observed by Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist. He found out that light enabled the flow of electrons when it shines on a metal. He called this the photoelectric effect. In 1975, an engineer from Kodak Rochester Laboratory named Steven Sasson invented the first electronic camera which made use of this photoelectric effect.
7-7.5 The two stock images licenses are Royalty-Free and Rights-Managed. In a rights-managed license, the buyer has to pay the photographer to use an image for a certain period of time, location,
or whatever agreement the buyer and the owner agrees on.
The royalty-free, meanwhile, is a license that can be acquired by paying the owner of the photograph a one-time fee that allows the buyer to use the image however s/he wants to.
Aside from the differences in the fees, exclusivity is also another difference among the two licenses. An image can be exclusive to a buyer depending on the agreement on a rights-managed, while a royalty-free is "unrestricted content" since it can be sold to different buyers at the same time.
8. George Eastman, as mentioned earlier, was the founder of the Kodak company. He developed the Kodak Brownie, which gave the masses access to photography. This was the first time a camera was made available at a low price to the public, allowing even the lower classes access to photography.
8.5 The development of the Kodak Brownie was so important because it popularized photography, giving a lot of people access to own the device. Their company even exists until now, and Kodak has been a household brand for cameras.
9. The early photographic processes entailed the use of chemicals and glass plates, and making these was the hardest part.
10. George Eastman had the most impact to photography.
Explanation for the last two answers are attached since it went over the character limit.
