Music has been referred to as a “universal language.” why has this description been applied to music? do you agree or disagree with this assessment? why?

It's called a universal language becuase all cultures have music or a relation to music. I would agree with it becuase music is a big part of life and again, most or all cultures use it. It's also another way to interpret emotions.

c, d, e, f, g, a, b, and c.

sometimes western music will also use solfege. the names of these are do ra me fa sol la si (or ti) and do.

to indicate a note a half step higher or lower then the original note, you would say c # (for a half a step above c) or bb (for half a step below b)

i believe the correct answer is: must sculpture be beautiful to be considered art?

the aesthetics represents the exploring of beauty and taste of nature in art, with the creation and appreciation of beauty. having that in mind, i believe the appropriate aesthetic question you could ask about gianlorenzo bernini’s sculpture david is “must sculpture be beautiful to be considered art? ”.