State require that young children up to a certain age be protected by a a shoulder belt and a safety belt b age- appropriate child safety restraints c passenger seated beside the child d regular safety belt

B. age appropriate child safety restraints

the answer to the question is punishment. or more specifically, positive punishment.

positive punishment occurs when a behavior is given a negative consequence for the individual doing the behavior.

sara no longer wants to ask questions (the behavior) because she is ridiculed by mr. smith (the punishment).

reinforcement is inaccurate because reinforcement always gives positive consequences for the individual doing the behavior, be it by introducing a pleasant consequence or removing an unpleasant one.