Differing methods of early modern era leaders to establish authority

To solve this integral, what you can do is split it up as follows: (1) ∫40(x2−4)dx=∫40(x2)dx−∫40(4)dx. to integrate  4  as an  indefinite integral, a good rule of thumb is  by  an equation below  for  polynomials; . (2) ∫xa=xa+1a+1+c , where a is any number. c denotes some constant that is crucial when doing 

Answer/runoff from agricultural feedlots

(the column on the right side has numbers 1-4 as well)

from left column to the right marching definition column:
1=2
2=4
3=1
4=3

Mostly likely a macro lens