During primary ecological succession, the initial formation of soil helps establish

Primary succession occurs in essentially lifeless areas—regions in which the soil is incapable of sustaining life as a result of such factors as lava flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier. ... These grasses further modify the soil, which is then colonized by other types of plants. Places where primary succession occurs include newly exposed rock areas, sand dunes, and lava flows. Simple species that can tolerate the often- harsh environment become established first. These organisms help enrich the soil, allowing other species to become established.

Explanation:

the correct answer is in fact b. spring tides are the highest, while neap tides are the lowest.

answer:

idk if that's like a question you would need with but sure i guess