WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST Refer to the passage.

We concluded that certain fundamental rights, safeguarded by the first eight amendments against federal action, were also safeguarded against state action by the due process of law clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and among them the fundamental right of the accused to the aid of counsel in a criminal prosecution. . . .

. . . From the very beginning, our state and national constitutions and laws have laid great emphasis on procedural and substantive safeguards designed to assure fair trials before impartial tribunals in which every defendant stands equal before the law. This noble ideal cannot be realized if the poor man charged with crime has to face his accusers without a lawyer to assist him.

–Justice Hugo Black, Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

1. Which of the following statements explains Justice Black’s opinion regarding due process and the right to counsel?

a- The Bill of Rights has always been the primary means of protecting individual rights against infringement by state institutions.
b- The 14th Amendment applies the protections of the Bill of Rights to the states.
c- The right to a fair trial depends on defendants’ ability to pay for an attorney to represent them in court.
d- Due-process protections within the Bill of Rights were intended to protect poor individuals from being put on trial.

2. Which of the following statements explains Justice Black’s incorporation of the right to a fair trial?

a- Incorporation is the process by which the Bill of Rights is applied to the states.
b- The Bill of Rights is incorporated into the existing constitution of each state.
c- The right to due process prevents the federal government from infringing on the Bill of Rights.
d- Incorporating rights such as due process prevents the states from changing the meaning of the Bill of Rights.