The early United States population was predominantly Protestant. In the nineteenth century, urban populations became increasingly Roman Catholic, especially in the cities of the Northeastern United States. This shift in the pattern of religion was caused by a)internal rural to urban migration from farming areas of the easter United States
b)transnational migration from Ireland, southern Germany, and Italy
c)transnational migration from Latin America and the Caribbean
d)religious conversion of urban residents
e)out-migration of protestants to rural farming areas of the Midwesteern United States