The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia? A The spread of feudalism to western Europe, as the Mongol conquests greatly weakened centralized monarchies
B
The expansion of the Mali Empire in West Africa, as the Mongol conquests destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate
с
The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China
D
The adoption of Islamic systems of rule by Turkic states in the Middle East, such as the Seljuq Empire

с. The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China

Explanation:

the answer to the question is punishment. or more specifically, positive punishment.

positive punishment occurs when a behavior is given a negative consequence for the individual doing the behavior.

sara no longer wants to ask questions (the behavior) because she is ridiculed by mr. smith (the punishment).

reinforcement is inaccurate because reinforcement always gives positive consequences for the individual doing the behavior, be it by introducing a pleasant consequence or removing an unpleasant one.