Drought and leaching have contributed to the process of , a major environmental challenge in Africa.

Desertification

Explanation:

Drought and leaching leave some parts of Africa without much water, which leads to some portions of the area to turn into a desert, which can prove disastrous for the plants and animals that now find themselves in a completely different habitat.

the answer to the question is punishment. or more specifically, positive punishment.

positive punishment occurs when a behavior is given a negative consequence for the individual doing the behavior.

sara no longer wants to ask questions (the behavior) because she is ridiculed by mr. smith (the punishment).

reinforcement is inaccurate because reinforcement always gives positive consequences for the individual doing the behavior, be it by introducing a pleasant consequence or removing an unpleasant one.