(d) Interactions between cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle. Explain how the presence or absence of inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases might play a role in normal cells becoming cancer cells.

seen below.

Explanation:

The cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a family of serine or threonine kinases which controls progression through the cell cycle. It is regulated by the subunit cyclins which forms a complex. Any Abnormalities that occur in any of the phases (from the resting state (G0), growth phase (G1), through DNA replication (S) to cell division (M) ) initiate a signal that triggers a cell cycle arrest until the issue is resolved.

CDKs have been shown to regulate other processes, particularly various aspects of transcription, different CDK isoforms have key roles in cancer cell proliferation through loss of regulation of the cell cycle. kinases inhibits several family members, preventing cell-cycle progression, for instance, in response to DNA damage, elimination of the phosphates involves in inhibition by phosphatases of the Cdc25 family is then required for activation of CDKs and cell-cycle progression. Loss of control of the cell cycle leads to the formation of cancer as stated earlier. Therefore, the presence of cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors might play a role in normal cells becoming cancer cells by preventing cell cycle progression in response to DNA damage which can lead to the formation of cancer cells. It has been stated that the presence of CDK inhibitors is also useful in the treatment of cancerous tumor.

haye waan ku helaay.

explanation:

like many students at university, you may be unhappy about the results you attain in exams. you may feel that even with all you are doing there must be something more -- or different-- you could be doing to get better grades. we have all at some time or other heard of that student who only studies a couple of hours for final exams and scores a's every time. we stand in awe of those who seem to breeze through without undue effort and seem to need very little in the way of studying to nail an exam. the reasons for success, in what i think are the vast majority of cases, are less esoteric than many students think: successful students consistently apply a series of productive strategies with view to attaining clearly identified learning and grade goals throughout the academic term.